How To Give Someone Diarrhea With Moonshine?

What can you put in someone’s drink to cause diarrhea?

Some people have heard that slipping someone a ” Visine mickey” will give them a bout of sudden, but harmless, diarrhea. Visine does NOT cause diarrhea. But people have been severely harmed after ingesting Visine as part of a practical joke. The active ingredient tetrahydrozoline is a vasoconstrictor found in several OTC eye drops ( Visine, Murine Tears Plus, etc).

Why do I get diarrhea after drinking moonshine?

Alcohol travels to the stomach where it is absorbed into the bloodstream. Because it passes through the body so quickly, alcohol also inflames the lining of the digestive system, leading to enhanced acid production, rapid digestion and often diarrhea.

What is alcohol diarrhea?

When you pour a glass of wine or you crack open a beer, you know the alcohol will affect your brain and maybe your mood. But it also affects your digestive tract. How much, and even the type of alcohol, you drink can cause problems with your bowel movements,

Learn more about the physical signs of alcoholism, Even after moderate drinking, you may feel like you have trouble pooping. One of the main reasons is dehydration, Alcohol keeps your body from releasing vasopressin, a hormone that helps your body hang onto fluid by preventing water from going out in your urine,

Less vasopressin means you’ll need to pee more. But when your body gets rid of more fluid than normal, that can make you constipated, The type of alcohol you drink may matter, too. Drinks with a high alcohol content – more than 15% – may slow down the movements of the muscles in your gut that push food through your digestive system,

12 ounces of regular beer: about 5%5 ounces of wine: about 12%1.5 ounces of liquor (such as gin, tequila, or vodka): about 40%

To keep things running smoothly, make sure you drink plenty of water or other fluids that will keep you hydrated. Diarrhea is common for chronic heavy drinkers, but it can also happen when you occasionally drink too much. There may be at least two reasons for this:

Fluid overload. The extra fluid in your gut isn’t related to how many ounces you drank. Instead, large amounts of alcohol prompt your intestines to release water. That flushes out whatever’s inside. Faster contractions inside your colon, The muscles around your large intestine squeeze and push waste through. An alcohol binge puts this normal body process into overdrive.

Diarrhea means your body is losing a lot of liquid, so it’s important to replace it by drinking fluids like water or broth. Avoid caffeine or more alcohol until the problem goes away. Research shows that people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn’s and ulcerative colitis, drink about as much alcohol as anyone else in the U.S.

DiarrheaBelly pain and crampingBlood in your stool

Alcohol makes the immune system weaker, boosts inflammation in the body, and can harm the protective barrier in your gut. These all contribute to the symptoms of IBD, The effect of alcohol on people with irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS ) isn’t clear. But some people feel their symptoms get worse when they drink.

If you have a bowel disease like IBD or IBS, your doctor may suggest that you cut beer, wine, and liquor out of your diet to see if your symptoms improve. You expect your poop to be some shade of brown. That’s normal, as are some shades of green. When it looks unusually green, red, or even blue, the alcohol you drank could be the cause.

Poop’s color comes from a combination of the food you eat plus a substance called bile, a yellow-green fluid that your body makes to digest fats. But certain things in your diet, including alcohol, can make your stool look different. Say you have cocktails with green food coloring on St.

Patrick’s Day. Your next bowel movement could be surprisingly green. If you have blue Jell-O shots or red punch, your stool could take on those colors. (It’s not just alcohol: Eating beets, a lot of cranberries, or leafy greens can also cause a color change.) One thing to keep in mind if you see an odd color in the toilet: Rarely, it can signal a health condition.

For instance, bright red poop could mean there’s blood in the lower part of your digestive tract, which could mean hemorrhoids or a problem somewhere else in your intestines, If you’re concerned about the color of your stool – especially if you can’t link it to something you recently ate or drank – give your doctor a call.

What is explosive diarrhea?

Explosive, or severe, diarrhea causes a person to pass liquid or loose stool more frequently and forcefully than regular diarrhea. Explosive diarrhea occurs when the rectum fills with more liquid and gas than it can hold. Passing the stool is often loud, due to the escaping gas.

1. The World Health Organization (WHO) define diarrhea as passing three or more liquid or loose stools in a day.
2. However, a person may have diarrhea if they pass more loose stool than usual.
3. Diarrhea can result from infection, but there are also many noninfectious causes.
4. Under normal circumstances, the large intestine absorbs excess liquid.

When a person has diarrhea, the digestion process moves too fast for the large intestine to absorb the extra liquid present. In this article, we look at the causes of explosive diarrhea and describe what a person should do if they have it. Infection is a common cause of explosive diarrhea, but other factors can be responsible. Share on Pinterest Causes of explosive diarrhea can include viral infections, bacterial infections, and food allergies. The viruses most often responsible for diarrhea include norovirus, rotavirus, or any number of the viruses that cause viral gastroenteritis,

schoolsday care centershospitalscruise shipsnursing homes

Bacterial infections A person can blame bacteria if their explosive diarrhea occurs after eating or drinking contaminated food or water. A person may mistakenly think that their illness is a result of food poisoning because the symptoms can be severe.

Bacteria that can cause diarrhea include Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli, which is commonly called E. coli, These bacteria can spread from person-to-person via unwashed hands and surfaces. If someone has diarrhea, they should wash their hands thoroughly after using the bathroom, and take other steps to reduce the risk of passing on the infection.

Parasitic infection Many types of parasites can cause diarrhea, severe or otherwise. Two of the more common are Giardia lamblia ( G. lamblia ) and Cryptosporidium enteritis ( C. enteritis ). As with bacteria, a person can acquire parasites through unsanitary conditions.

1. A person can become infected with G.
2. Lamblia or C.
3. Enteritis when their mouth directly or indirectly comes into contact with contaminated fecal matter.
4. These parasites thrive in fresh, untreated water and in certain foods.
5. In developed countries, hikers, backpackers, and campers are among the most likely groups to come in contact with G.

lamblia, The parasites do not survive in chlorinated water. Medications Many medications can cause mild diarrhea, or loose stool. Occasionally, they can cause severe diarrhea. Some of these types of medications include:

antibiotics some heartburn medications chemotherapy medications

Antibiotics and other medications that contain magnesium are a particular risk. Food allergies Some people have adverse reactions to certain foods or their ingredients, and these reactions can result in diarrhea. A common cause is lactose intolerance,

1. If a person cannot tolerate lactose, and they eat or drink a dairy-based product, they may experience explosive diarrhea.
2. Gluten sensitivity, whether or not related to Celiac disease, can also lead to significant diarrhea.
3. Bowel disease People with some illnesses that affect the bowels often experience diarrhea.

Bowel-related conditions that can cause explosive diarrhea include:

irritable bowel syndrome ulcerative colitis Crohn’s disease

Diarrhea is a common condition that affects around 179 million people in the United States every year. Certain portions of the population are at greater risk of developing diarrhea than others. These groups include:

people with bowel disease, such as irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, or Crohn’s diseasepeople who live in or travel to developing countrieschildren and staff at day care centerspeople taking antibiotics or medications that contain magnesium

Treatment for any form of diarrhea often involves staying hydrated and maintaining levels of electrolytes. In many cases, the person will just need to wait for their diarrhea to pass. An individual can consume fluids and electrolytes in:

broth vitamin waterlow-sugar sports drinks

When experiencing diarrhea, a person should avoid:

sugary foods and drinksmost dairy productsoverly greasy or fatty foods

Some people choose to take over-the-counter (OTC) medications that are anti-diarrheal. A person should not take OTC medications if they have a fever or blood in their stool. A person with either symptom likely has a bacterial or parasitic infection, which could get worse with the introduction of medication.

What happens if you put eye drops in a drink and drink it?

Eye drops designed to treat redness are not intended to be consumed orally. If swallowed, the medication can cause illness and even death. The poisonous effect made headlines when Lana Clayton, 52, was charged for murdering her husband by adding redness-relieving eye drops to his drinking water for three days.

What alcohol is most likely to cause diarrhea?

Other gastrointestinal conditions – A person is more likely to have diarrhea, and to have it more severely, if they have certain health conditions, such as:

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) celiac disease Crohn’s disease

People with a gluten intolerance may have a reaction to the grains in beer and certain liquors. Anyone with a more sensitive digestive tract, in general, may also be more sensitive to the effects of alcohol. Certain alcoholic beverages may cause more symptoms than others, although alcoholic drinks can affect individuals differently.

Beer has more carbohydrates compared to other forms of alcohol. The body can have trouble breaking down these extra carbs while drinking alcohol. This can lead to diarrhea.Wine is more likely to cause diarrhea in some people. This may be due to a sensitivity or allergy to tannins. Tannins are compounds found in the skin of grapes, and a reaction may lead to headaches, nausea, and diarrhea.Mixed drinks can be high in sugar. This can worsen diarrhea in some people. Excess sugar causes the body to push out the contents of the intestines quicker.

Here are some tips for preventing diarrhea due to alcohol consumption:

Be mindful of drinking habits, including how much you drink and how often.Drink slowly to ease stress on the digestive tract.Consume a non-alcoholic drink, such as water, between each alcoholic beverage.Replace drinks that cause gastrointestinal symptoms with a different type of alcohol.Eat before drinking to slow the absorption of alcohol into the body and reduce the risk of diarrhea.Avoid alcoholic beverages mixed with caffeine, as caffeine can increase movement in the intestine and the speed of digestion.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend that females consume no more than 1 drink per day and males 2 drinks or less per day. Diarrhea after one night of drinking may last a few days if the drinking has ceased, but a lot depends on how sensitive one’s gut is to alcohol and whether the drinking continues.

Eat bland, easily-digested foods such as rice, toast, or plain crackers, as these can help fill the stomach without causing additional symptoms.Avoid dairy products and foods high in fat or fiber immediately after diarrhea to help reduce stress on the digestive system while it is trying to recover.Drink water or herbal teas to help replace fluids lost through urine and diarrhea and prevent dehydration.

If diarrhea persists, over-the-counter medications can help the body soak up water and fill out the stool. Probiotics may also balance gut bacteria. Persistent diarrhea may be a sign of a separate condition that may require a doctor’s visit. A person may also need medical attention if they become severely dehydrated. A doctor should be notified if the following symptoms occur:

persistent diarrhea lasting more than 2 days dry mouth and continuous thirstlow or no urine, even with extra fluid intakeinfrequent urine that is often very dark in colorweakness and fatigue dizziness or lightheadedness fever intense cramps and painbloody stoolblack stool that is not caused by an antidiarrheal medication

Dehydration can be life-threatening, so anyone experiencing the above symptoms should contact a doctor. You may also wish to consider seeing a doctor if you have concerns about how alcohol is affecting you. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)’s treatment navigator can help people find the correct type of help.

What happens if you drink too much moonshine?

Consuming Methanol In Moonshine – Upon first sip, the dangerous potential of methanol is undetectable. It will simply get people drunker. However, after it is metabolized, the methanol can have an extremely harmful effect in someone’s body.10 milliliters (ml) of methanol is all it takes to permanently damage the optic nerve and cause partial, if not complete, blindness.30 ml of methanol is lethal.

For reference, and standard shot glass in the United States holds 40 ml. If less than 10 ml of methanol is consumed then the worst someone will experience is a hangover, (albeit, quite possibly the worst hangover of their life). However, if someone consumes 10 ml or more of methanol, even split up among drinks, that can be enough to cause permanent damage or kill them.

While there are processes today to discard the toxic alcohol that is visually indistinguishable from water, some illegal Moonshiners will add methanol back in to provide a stronger potency. Obviously, without regulation, there is no way to know if illicit alcohol contains methanol.

Does moonshine cause alcohol poisoning?

Consumption of 10 ml or more of methanol is lethal, meaning that drinking just 10 milliliters of methanol-containing moonshine is fatal. Overdosing on any type of alcohol, especially methanol moonshine poisoning, can cause alcohol poisoning.

Why do I throw up black stuff when I drink vodka?

Causes for blood in sick can include: –

A tear (called a Mallory-Weiss tear) in the lining of the oesophagus, caused by excessive vomitingSwollen veins (varices) in the lower part of the oesophagus and stomach. This often happens in people with severe liver damage, including people with long-term alcoholism.A bleeding stomach or duodenal ulcerIrritation or swelling of the oesophagus called esophagitisThrowing up black vomit after excessive drinking is usually dried blood in the intestines that has been there for a whileA benign (non-cancerous) or cancerous tumour in the stomach or oesophagusA severe injury to the abdominal area, as caused by a car accident or blow to the abdomenInflammation of the stomach called gastritisTaking too much aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicinesA condition called Dieulafoy’s lesion affects an artery in the stomach wallInflammation of the small intestine is called duodenitisPancreatic cancer

Is diarrhea part of alcohol poisoning?

Diarrhoea And Drinking Alcohol – Alcohol causes changes to the digestive system’s function by overwhelming the gastrointestinal tract, leading to inflammation, The gastrointestinal tract is the first line of contact for all foods, including alcohol, and there is a high risk of damage by toxins,

• Alcohol consumed in large amounts starts a process in the gut that causes inflammation in the body,
• By overwhelming the digestive system, alcohol makes it work faster, causing food to quickly pass through the small and large intestines.
• In this process, the body is unable to absorb water, leading to diarrhoea.

Diarrhoea worsens after drinking alcoholic beverages due to different reasons.

Why does diarrhea hurt?

Stomach acids, digestive enzymes, and bile – When food enters the stomach, acids and digestive enzymes attach themselves to it and begin breaking it down. The digestive system adds bile to food when it passes through the small intestine. By the time food passes through, these acids and enzymes should no longer be acidic.

Does explosive diarrhea hurt?

Having diarrhea is unpleasant under the best of circumstances. But having so-called “explosive diarrhea” is the stuff of nightmares. But what does it mean, exactly? Experts break it down, plus what to do if you’re unlucky enough to experience this. Technically, explosive diarrhea isn’t a medical term, but it can be used to describe some pretty intense bowel action.

“When people say ‘explosive diarrhea,’ they usually mean there’s an urgency to it and a sort of violent expulsion,” said Kyle Staller, MD, a gastroenterologist at Massachusetts General Hospital. It’s not necessarily the same thing as severe diarrhea, which healthcare providers usually think of as having more than six loose, watery stools a day, along with symptoms of dehydration and abdominal pain, Dr.

Staller explained. But explosive diarrhea can lead to severe diarrhea, Dr. Staller added. Many conditions can cause explosive diarrhea. Dr. Staller listed the following common causes:

Rotavirus Norovirus Cryptosporidium Inflammatory bowel disease Crohn’s disease Ulcerative colitis Celiac disease Clostridium difficile Certain chemotherapy drugs Giardia

The giardia parasite causes the diarrheal disease giardiasis. Giardia can be found on surfaces or in soil, food, or water that has been contaminated with poop from infected people or animals. Your healthcare provider will often want to take a stool sample to try to determine what’s behind your diarrhea, Dr.

Gorwana said. Given that it can take time to get test results back, Dr. Staller said that many healthcare providers will prescribe an antibiotic, just in case. As for whether you should use an OTC anti-diarrheal medication like Imodium, Dr. Staller said that it may actually work against you in the long run.

“The worry is that you may keep the infection inside,” Dr. Staller explained. If you’re having “average diarrhea,” a medication like Imodium is fine, Dr. Staller suggested. But if you’re having more severe symptoms like a fever and bloody poop, you actually won’t want to take one of these medications, Dr.

Staller said. At home, it’s best to make sure you’re taking care of yourself while you recover. “Hydration and a bland diet are important,” Dr. Gorwana said. You may benefit from going on the BRAT diet until your symptoms clear up. The BRAT diet (Bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast) is a bland food diet that is often used to treat diarrhea.

These foods are low in fiber so they will make your stool more firm and high in nutrients. If you’re just having explosive diarrhea but otherwise feel OK, Dr. Staller said you’re probably fine waiting it out at home, Dr. Staller advised calling your healthcare provider ASAP if you have these symptoms along with your explosive diarrhea:

FeverAbdominal painBloody diarrheaMucus in your diarrheaDark colored urineFeeling lightheaded when you stand up

“This would indicate that, at a minimum, you’ll need intravenous fluids,” Dr. Staller explained. Also, if you have a condition like Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, or are immunocompromised or pregnant, Dr. Staller recommended calling your healthcare provider right away.

You could be at a higher-than-usual risk for complications from severe diarrhea. If you suspect that you have giardiasis (meaning, you recently swam in a lake, river, or pool that may not have been well-chlorinated), don’t sit on that either, said Anita Gorwara, MD, a family medicine physician and medical director of urgent care at Santa Monica Family Physicians.

“You should come in and be seen,” Dr. Gorwara said. If it’s not treated, you run the risk of spreading it to your family members, friends, and other people around you, Dr. Gorwara pointed out. Explosive diarrhea can be uncomfortable and may lead to severe diarrhea.

How does diarrhea happen so fast?

How Your Digestive System Works – To understand diarrhea, it is helpful to know more about your digestive system and how it works. This will help you appreciate what it means to upset the balance of your digestive health. Your digestive system comprises the GI tract (or digestive tract), pancreas, liver and gallbladder.

When your digestive system is in its normal rhythm, food and fluids pass from the stomach into the small intestine. Food is then broken down, and nutrients are absorbed along with most of the fluid. The remaining waste and some water pass into the colon (large intestine), where more water is absorbed.

And finally, the waste is passed in the form of stools to complete a digestive system function. Digestion matters to your health because your body requires the proper nutrients from what you consume in order to work well and remain healthy. These nutrients include vitamins, minerals, fats, carbs, protein and water.

1. Within the digestive system, these nutrients are broken down into smaller parts to be absorbed and used for energy, cell repair and growth.
2. When the cells in your small intestine or colon are irritated, the relaxed and regular movement of your intestines can become overactive.
3. Essential salts and fluids, as well as nutrients from the food that you eat, end up being passed through the colon too quickly.

With less fluid being absorbed by the body, the result is loose or watery stools, which is more commonly known as diarrhea.

Why is diarrhea yellow?

Diet – Since the GI tract processes food for elimination, what a person eats can affect the color of their stool. Carrots, sweet potatoes, turmeric, and foods that contain yellow food coloring may cause stool to become yellow. A diet high in fat or gluten can also lead to yellow stool.

What drugs to people use to spike drinks?

What are date rape drugs? – Rohypnol (or Roofie) and Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) are the most commonly known ‘date-rape’ drugs. Both drugs can be used to commit physical and sexual assaults as they can sedate or incapacitate a victim, making them more vulnerable to attack.

If your drink has been spiked with a date rape drug it’s unlikely that you will see, smell or taste any difference, no matter what type of drink you are having. Most date rape drugs take effect within 15-30 minutes and symptoms usually last for several hours. ‘Date-rape drugs’ can be odourless, colourless and tasteless.

They also leave the body within a short amount of time making them hard to detect. Recreational drugs like Ecstasy, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD), Ketamine and other ‘party-drugs’ are sometimes used to spike alcoholic drinks. Mixing alcohol and stimulants can be very dangerous and can cause serious medical problems, ranging from nausea to coma.

How many eye drops does it take to spike a drink?

Spiked – the murky world of date rape drugs “I think my drink was spiked, but I can’t know for sure.” A rueful smile – they can weather the embarrassment. But for others, there is no reason to smile. “I think my drink was spiked, but I can’t know for sure.” A rueful smile – they can weather the embarrassment.

1. But for others, there is no reason to smile.
2. The many stories of these incidents are unclear; an obliterated night, a single story told by witnesses.
3. For some these stories are fairly innocuous.
4. They may shrug, wondering why, after only two drinks, they acted so strangely and couldn’t remember anything the next day.

“I’m not certain,” they say. This is not a casual badge of honour for those who have woken up next to a stranger, with no knowledge of how they got there. Shame, sorrow and regret can last longer than just one night. Dr Rudi Marx has been practicing medicine in Grahamstown for 40 years.

Situated at the top of High Street at the practice of Marx, Bennett and Partners sees 300 patients a day. A large number of these are students. Between 2000 and 2005 Dr Marx saw far more cases of spiked drinks than he has in the last five years and no victims have sought help at his practice since 2007.

Marx credits the public’s growing awareness as well as the regulation of date rape drugs such as Rohypnol and Dormican. Manufacturers have been forced to add blue dye to these products making a sabotaged drink easy to spot. Meanwhile the growing publicity around date rape has meant men and women guard their drinks more carefully.

Rohypnol, the infamous ‘roofie’, contains flunitrazepam. For those suffering from insomnia this powerful sedative brings a peaceful night’s sleep. But, subjected to it against your will, Rohypnol can cause an inability to walk, talk or remember anything after it is consumed. This factor, anterograde amnesia, makes it particularly attractive as a weapon of date rape.

Michael Naidoo, senior lecturer in Pharmacology at Rhodes, says that while Rohypnol is “scary, it is very controlled”.

Behind every Grahamstown pharmacist’s counter sits a schedule seven register so under South Africa’s National Drug Policy any pharmaceutical which can be abused is carefully controlled by these maroon-bound books.Checked sporadically by health department officials and balanced every three months, they meticulously record who buys drugs like Rohypnol, and how many. Pharmacists Jane Bladen of RET Butler’s Pharmacy and Wimpie Bosch of Grahamstown Pharmacy both say that it’s highly unlikely that students are buying off-the-counter or prescription medicines for recreational purposes, they are just too tightly controlled.While it is virtually impossible to acquire these drugs legally a small black market of prescription medication is said to flourishon campus. As a lecturer and residence warden Naidoo has found that “in my experience Rohypnol is prescribed to Sandton mums who are overwrought, and mum is so under the influence she doesn’t notice when a few go missing”.

These drugs tend to circulate on campus. Along with other prescription medication, like Ritalin, they are used for recreational purposes or “academic doping”. However the idea that only drugs can be used to spike drinks is misleading. In his experience Naidoo has found that alcohol is the most common “uninhibitor” used by pranksters and predators.

1. Vodka, as it is colourless, has an indistinctive taste and an alcohol content of at least 35%, it is regularly slipped into the drinks of friends who need to ‘loosen up a bit more’.
2. While he says that most of these cases are motivated by mischief some are motivated by malice.
3. These incidents often involve groups of boys competing in the dehumanising game of hunt the grunt in which they compete to see who can take the ugliest girl home or at digs formals to which a specific group of girls is invited and targeted.

There is a common perception among students that eyedrops are used to spike drinks. “You cannot spike a person’s drink with eye-drops,” Bladen says firmly. Yet many internet sources contradict this; saying that some brands of eye-drops and nasal sprays contain central nervous suppressants which, in conjunction with alcohol, have the same effect as a roofie.

1. Either way, an eye-drop bottle could be the innocent packaging for any substance.
2. One such substance is liquid ecstasy.
3. This colourless, odourless and tasteless liquid is gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB).
4. Originally marketed as a dietary supplement, it is being sold in Grahamstown’s CBD says Naidoo.
5. While GHB can cause euphoria it can “make you so relaxed you stop breathing,” he says.

Overdose could result in coma. It is undetectable and acts like a date rape drug; causing a loss of inhibition and control. In trying to gain a better picture of the scale of this problem Grocott’s Mail contacted the Dean of Students Dr Vivian de Klerk.

She responded via email: “The statistics we have in this regard are not likely to be reliable, as we typically only hear from those survivors of this despicable act who plan to take the matter further. There must be many who would rather try to forget what happened – or who cannot remember.” She said she was not at liberty to comment on the most recent incidents.

: Spiked – the murky world of date rape drugs

Why am I bleeding after drinking alcohol?

Alcohol – Drinking too much alcohol can wreak havoc on the digestive tract. It tears away at the tissue, causing it to become very sensitive. So sensitive, that the tissue can tear. The tears are called Mallory-Weiss tears, and they can create a substantial amount of bleeding. Alcohol can cause Mallory-Weiss tears anywhere in the digestive tract, form the throat to the intestines.

Why does alcohol make you pee?

The science of why alcohol makes you pee more – Alcohol is a diuretic, which means it promotes water loss through urine. It does this by inhibiting the production of a hormone called vasopressin, which plays a large role in the regulation of water excretion.

What causes explosive diarrhea in adults?

Bacterial and viral infection – Bacteria that cause diarrhea-producing infections include salmonella and E. coli, Contaminated food and fluids are common sources of bacterial infections. Rotavirus, norovirus, and other kinds of viral gastroenteritis, commonly referred to as “stomach flu,” are among the viruses that can cause explosive diarrhea.